(WITHDRAWN) Understanding Neurotransmission Using Single Vesicle Electrochemistry

Exocytosis is one of the essential steps for chemical signal transmission between neurons. Quantitatively monitoring vesicular neurotransmitter release in exocytosis and initial neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles are significant in order to study mechanisms of neurotransmission and malfunction in disease. We developed new approaches to characterize the contents of mammalian vesicles isolated, in situ or in vivo, termed as intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry. In these approaches, nanoscale mammalian vesicles are allowed to adsorb to electrodes and subsequently rupture thereby expelling their contents eliciting an oxidation current that can be used to quantify the catecholamine contents of the vesicles. Combined with exocytotic release measurements with single cell amperometry, it is a unique technique for understanding neuronal transmission and investigating the pharmacology or toxicology of drugs on chemical signaling related biological functions, for example, learning and memory. References 1. Li, X.;# Majdi, S.;# Dunevall, J.; Fathali, H.; Ewing, A. G.* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 11978. 3. Li, X.; Ren, L.; Dunevall, J.; Ye, D.; White, H. S.; Edwards, M. A.; Ewing, A. G.* ACS Nano, 2018, 12, 3010. 4 Li, X;# Dunevall, J.;# Ewing A. G.* Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 2347. 5. Phan, N. T. N.; Li, X.; Ewing A. G.* Nat. Rev. Chem. 2017, 1, 0048. 6. Li, X.; Dunevall, J.; Ewing, A. G.* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 9041. 10. Yue, Q.; # Li, X.;# Wu, F.; Ji, W.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, P.; Zhang, M.; Ma, W.; Wang, M.; Mao, L.* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 11061. 12. Liu, Y.; Du, J.; Wang, M.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C.*; Li, X.* Front. Chem. 2021, 8, 591311. 13. Yue, Q.; # Wang, K.; # Guan, M.; Zhao, Z.; Li, X.;* Yu, P.; Mao, L.* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202117. 15. Zhou, J.; # Zhang, J.; # Cao, L.; Liu, Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, C.*; Li, X.* Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 30870.